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Comparison of insulation provided by dry or wetsuits among recreational divers during cold water immersion (< 5 degrees C)
Article scientifiqueBACKGROUND: Divers thermal status influences susceptibility to decompression sickness hence the need for proper insulation during immersion in cold water. However, there is a lack of data on thermal protection provided by diving suits, hence this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different groups of divers wearing either a wetsuit (n = 15) or a dry suit (n = 15) volunteered for this study. Anthropometric ... -
Comparison of insulation provided by dry or wetsuits among recreational divers during cold water immersion (< 5 degrees C)
Article scientifiqueBACKGROUND: Divers thermal status influences susceptibility to decompression sickness hence the need for proper insulation during immersion in cold water. However, there is a lack of data on thermal protection provided by diving suits, hence this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different groups of divers wearing either a wetsuit (n = 15) or a dry suit (n = 15) volunteered for this study. Anthropometric ... -
Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency: A Marker of Cerebral Arousal During Modified Gravitational Conditions Related to Parabolic Flights
02 octobre 2018, BALESTRA, Costantino
; Machado, Marie-Laure; Theunissen, Sigrid; ; Cialoni, Danilo; Clot, Christian; Besnard, Stépane; Kammacher, Laura; Delzenne, Julie; ; Lafère, Pierre, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueIn situ evaluation of human brain performance and arousal remains challenging during operational circumstances, hence the need for a rapid, reliable and reproducible tool. Here we hypothesized that the Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) reflecting/requiring visual integration, visuo-motor skills and decision-taking process might be a powerful, fast and simple tool in modified gravity environments. ... -
Dark chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction after successive breath-hold dives in cool water
16 septembre 2013, ; Schumacker, Julie; Guerrero, François; Tillmans, Frauke; ; Lambrechts, Kate; Mazur, Alexandra; Pieri, Massimo; ; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueObjective: The aim of this study is to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a series of successive apnea dives in non-thermoneutral water. Methods: Twenty breath-hold divers were divided into two groups: a control group (8 males and 2 females) and a chocolate group (9 males and 1 female). The control group was asked to perform a series of dives to 20 m adding up to ... -
Decreased Incidence of Pulmonary Barotrauma After Discontinuation of Emergency Free Ascent Training
22 août 2018, Lafère, Pierre; ; Guerrero, François; Marroni, Alessandro; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueINTRODUCTION: Because a significant association between training to perform emergency free ascent (EFA) and the occurrence of pulmonary barotrauma (PBT) was demonstrated in 2006, the Belgian Underwater Federation (BUF) decided to discontinue this procedure. An evaluation was needed 10 yr after the implementation of this change. METHODS: All medical records with a diagnosis of PBT that occurred in ... -
A deep stop during decompression from 82 fsw (25 m) significantly reduces bubbles and fast tissue gas tensions.
janvier 2004, Marroni A; Bennett PB; Cronje FJ; Cali-Corleo R; ; Pieri M; Bonuccelli C; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiquen spite of many modifications to decompression algorithms, the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba divers has changed very little. The success of stage, compared to linear ascents, is well described yet theoretical changes in decompression ratios have diminished the importance of fast tissue gas tensions as critical for bubble generation. The most serious signs and symptoms of DCS ... -
Diving deeper into SCUBA Science
Livre/Ouvrage ou monographieThe editors of and authors of this book are a cadre of scientists and physicians with broad experience and knowledge of diving physiology and decompression theory. As is often the case, it requires a group effort to succeed in advancing practical knowledge. The colloquialism "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is often true and the PHYPODE Reasearch Group epitomizes this concept. By ... -
Diving physiopathology: the end of certainties? Food for thought
27 juin 2019, BALESTRA, Costantino; ; Rocco, Monica; Biancofiore, Giovanni; Kot, Jacek, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueOur understanding of decompression physiopathology has slowly improved during this last decade and some uncertainties have disappeared. A better understanding of anatomy and functional aspects of Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) have slowly resulted in a more liberal approach toward the medical fitness to dive for those bearing a PFO. Circulating vascular gas emboli (VGE) are considered the key actors in ... -
Do Environmental Conditions Contribute to Narcosis Onset and Symptom Severity?
Article scientifiqueAlthough many factors contributing to inert gas narcosis onset and severity have been put forward, the available evidence is not particularly strong. Using objective criteria, we have assessed brain impairment associated with narcosis under various environmental diving conditions. 40 volunteers performed a no-decompression dive (33 m for 20 min) either in a dry chamber, a pool or open sea. They were ... -
Early detection of diving-related cognitive impairment of different nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures
30 juin 2019, Lafère, Pierre; ; ; Matity, Luba; Guerrero, François; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueNTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment related to inert gas narcosis (IGN) is a threat to diving safety and operations at depth that might be reduced by using enriched air nitrox (EANx) mixtures. Using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF), a possible early detection of cognitive abilities/cerebral arousal impairment when breathing different oxygen (O2) fractions was investigated. METHODS: Eight male ... -
The effect of pre-dive ingestion of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a scuba dive
Article scientifiqueObjective: The aim of the study was to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after scuba diving. Methods: Forty-two male scuba divers were divided into two groups: a control (n=21) and a chocolate group (n=21). They performed a 33-metres deep scuba-air dive for 20 minutes in a diving pool (Nemo 33, Brussels). Water temperature was 33⁰C. The chocolate group ingested 30 g ... -
Erythropoietin production can be enhanced by normobaric oxygen breathing in healthy humans
2004, BALESTRA, Costantino; ; Poortmans, J.; Marroni, A.; Schiettecatte, J.; Collard, J.-F.; , HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueErythropoietin (EPO) induces red blood cell production by activating red bone marrow progenitor cells, and is used therapeutically in chronic anemia. It is also used as an unauthorized adjunct to increase the oxygen transport capacity in the blood of athletes. Renal tissue hypoxia is the only widely accepted trigger for EPO production (1-3), even if new oxygen-sensitive sites have been recently ... -
Evaluation of Protection Level, Respiratory Safety, and Practical Aspects of Commercially Available Snorkel Masks as Personal Protection Devices Against Aerosolized Contaminants and SARS-CoV2
Article scientifiqueIntroduction: The “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV2) pandemic has led to a worldwide shortage of personal protection devices (PPD) for medical and paramedical personnel. Adaptation of commercially available snorkel masks to serve as full face masks has been proposed. Even not formally approved as PPD, they are publicized on social media as suitable for this use. Concerns ... -
Evidence for increasing patency of the foramen ovale in divers
2005, ; Hastir, F.; Dendale, P.; Marroni, A.; Nguyen, A.-F.; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiquesing a standardized contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiographic technique, a group of divers was reexamined for the presence and size of patent foramen ovale (PFO) 7 years after their initial examinations. Unexpected but significant increases in the prevalence and size of PFO were found, suggesting a possible increasing risk for decompression sickness in these divers over time. -
Feasibility of Detecting Brain Areas Involved in Extreme Breath-Hold Diving
20 janvier 2021, Jissendi-Tchofo, Patrice; Jdaoudi, Yassin; ; Brizzolari, Andrea; Musimu, Patrick; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueWe report Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal changes recorded in the brain of an elite breath-hold diver during voluntary dry long breath-hold by means of fMRI. An independent component analysis (ICA) method was applied to extract brain areas that are putatively involved in the apnea process network. We discuss the hypothesis that these BOLD signal variations express the functional adaptive ... -
The fractal approach as a tool to understand asymptomatic brain hyperintense MRI signals
2004, BALESTRA, Costantino; Marroni, A.; Farkas, B.; Peetrons, P.; Vanderschueren, F.; Duboc, E.; ; , HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueThe prevalence of a Patent Foramen Ovale is described in merely 30% of the asymptomatic population. This patency has been shown to be an increasing risk factor for paradoxical cerebral embolization. Some desaturation or decompression situations in human activities such as scuba diving or altitude flight are prone to provoke embolisations. The association with the presence of a patent Foramen Ovale ... -
Heart Rate Variability During a Standard Dive: A Role for Inspired Oxygen Pressure?
13 août 2021, Lafère, Pierre; ; ; ; Germonpré, Faye-Lisa; Marroni, Alessandro; Cialoni, Danilo; Bosco, Gerardo; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueIntroduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) during underwater diving has been infrequently investigated because of environment limitations and technical challenges. This study aims to analyze HRV changes while diving at variable hyperoxia when using open circuit (OC) air diving apparatus or at constant hyperoxia using a closed-circuit rebreather (CCR). We used HRV analysis in time and frequency domain ... -
Heart Rate Variability During a Standard Dive: A Role for Inspired Oxygen Pressure?
13 août 2021, Lafère, Pierre; ; ; ; Germonpré, Faye-Lisa; Marroni, Alessandro; Cialoni, Danilo; Bosco, Gerardo; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueIntroduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) during underwater diving has been infrequently investigated because of environment limitations and technical challenges. This study aims to analyze HRV changes while diving at variable hyperoxia when using open circuit (OC) air diving apparatus or at constant hyperoxia using a closed-circuit rebreather (CCR). We used HRV analysis in time and frequency domain ... -
Hyperoxia Alters Ultrastructure and Induces Apoptosis in Leukemia Cell Lines
12 février 2020, De Bels, David; Tillmans, Frauke; Corazza, Francis; Bizzarri, Mariano; ; Radermacher, Peter; Keziban, Gunce-Orman; BALESTRA, Costantino, HE Bruxelles Brabant
Article scientifiqueOxygenation conditions are crucial for growth and tumor progression. Recent data suggests a decrease in cancer cell proliferation occurring after exposure to normobaric hyperoxia. Those changes are associated with fractal dimension. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of hyperoxia on apoptosis and morphology of leukemia cell lines. Two hematopoietic lymphoid cancer cell lines (a ... -
Intrathoracic pressure changes after Valsalva strain and other maneuvers: Implications for divers with patent foramen ovale
Article scientifiqueScuba divers with patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be at risk for paradoxical nitrogen gas emboli when performing maneuvers that cause a rebound blood loading to the right atrium. We measured the rise and fall in intrathoracic pressure (ITP) during various maneuvers in 15 divers. The tests were standard isometric exercises (control), forceful coughing, knee bend (with and without respiration blocked), ...